Engineering and Construction

A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the weight of the structure and transmits the load to underlying soil or rock. In general, foundation engineering applies the knowledge of geology, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and structural engineering to the design and construction of foundations for buildings and other structures. The most basic aspect of foundation engineering deals with the selection of the type of foundation, such as using a shallow or deep foundation system. Another important aspect of foundation engineering involves the development of design parameters, such as the bearing capacity or estimated settlement of the foundation. Foundation engineering could also include the actual foundation design, such as determining the type and spacing of steel reinforcement in concrete footings. Foundation engineering often involves both geotechnical and structural engineers, with the geotechnical engineer providing the foundation design parameters such as the allowable bearing pressure and the structural engineer performing the actual foundation design.

Foundations are commonly divided into two categories: shallow and deep foundations. Table 1.1 presents a list of common types of foundations. In terms of geotechnical aspects, foundation engineering often includes the following (Day, 1999a, 2000a):

• Determining the type of foundation for the structure, including the depth and dimensions
• Calculating the potential settlement of the foundation
• Determining design parameters for the foundation, such as the bearing capacity and allowable soil bearing pressure
• Determining the expansion potential of a site
• Investigating the stability of slopes and their effect on adjacent foundations
• Investigating the possibility of foundation movement due to seismic forces, which would alsoinclude the possibility of liquefaction
• Performing studies and tests to determine the potential for deterioration of the foundation
• Evaluating possible soil treatment to increase the foundation bearing capacity
• Determining design parameters for retaining wall foundations
• Providing recommendations for dewatering and drainage of excavations needed for the construction of the foundation
• Investigating groundwater and seepage problems and developing mitigation measures during foundation construction
• Site preparation, including compaction specifications and density testing during grading
• Underpinning and field testing of foundations